George Balanchine for The Ballet Society

– In 1946 Balanchine and Kirstein collaborated again to form Ballet Society, a company which introduced New York subscription only audiences over the next two years to such new Balanchine works as The Four Temperaments (1946) and Stravinsky’s Renard (1947) and Orpheus (1948). – On October 11, 1948, Morton Baum, chairman of the City Center finance committee, saw Ballet Society in a City Center Theater program that included Orpheus, Serenade, and Symphony in C (a ballet which Balanchine had created for the Paris Opera Ballet under the title Le Palais de Crystal the previous year) George Balanchine for New York City Ballet – Baum was so highly impressed, that he initiated negotiations that led to the company's being invited to join the City Centre municipal complex (of which at the time the New York City Drama Company and the New York City Opera were a part) as the â€Å"New York City Ballet.† – On October 11, 1948, the New York City Ballet was born, dancing a program consisting of Concerto Barocco, Orpheus and Symphony In C (a ballet which Balanchine had created for the Paris Opera Ballet under the title Le Palais de Cristal the previous year). – From that time until his death, Balanchine served as artistic director for the New York City Ballet, choreographing (either wholly or in part) the majority of the productions the company has introduced since its inception – Among them were Firebird (1949; restaged with Jerome Robbins, 1970); Bouree Fantasque (1949); La Valse (1951); The Nutcracker (his first full-length work for the Company), Ivesiana and Western Symphony, (1954) – In June 1972, Balanchine staged the New York City Ballet's first festival, an intensive one-week celebration of the music of his longtime friend and collaborator, Igor Stravinsky. – Of the 20 works that received their world premieres during the Festival, he choreographed eight: Stravinsky Violin Concerto, Duo Concertant, Choral Variations (on Bach's â€Å"Vom Himmel Hoch,† Scherzo A La Russe, Symphony in Three Movements, Divertimento from â€Å"Le Baiser De La Fee,† and new versions of Pulcinella (with Robbins) and Danses Concertantes. – Till today his company, the New York City Ballet, is the leading dance group of the United States and one of the greatest companies in the world

Assignment Poetry

He uses punctuation, enjambment (13) metaphors to his choice of imagery in this sonnet. He is very strict in structuring his creative imagination and deep emotions in this sonnet. This sonnet deals with Skate's concern of his own mortality as well as his concerns for the longevity and appreciation of his work. â€Å"What I have fears† covers many points on the poets fears of dying young in this poem. John Keats fear of dying and is inability to write down all the rich poems he as In Nils nana applets Itself In ten TLS quatrain AT ten poem.He wants to write as many books as possible giving people his knowledge and ideas. In his poem there is the use of metaphors and structures depicting his fear and losses. He also wants to love and give love to someone. His dreams of fulfilling his ambitions will be cut short because of the reality he will die soon. This poem has a rhyme scheme of Shakespearean. It consists of 3 quatrains and a couplet. In line 4 he compares himself to nature the field of grain. Just as seeds are sown and grain is ready to be harvested. His growth of life at his mature age will be cut down like that of the grain.He will die soon. He wants to experience life through other people's experiences. He compares himself to a star in the night. A star symbolizes the end of a day and darkness. His life is compared to that darkness. The star shines bright and he thinks he has hope but behind that the star he knows that he doesn't have hope at all. A dark cloud hangs over his life by sadness, of his death soon. He wants to love someone and to receive love back and he knows that this is unreachable to him Just as the clouds and shadows are. He hopes for â€Å"A magic hand of chance â€Å"(8) a miracle waiting to happen to him.He will never get that chance. He also wants to meet his ultimate love interest and his love of poems until he writes that one ultimate poem before he dies. In line (10) he will never see love again. His love of writing his po ems and the fact that he would never get the time, to complete all of this. He would love to meet someone where two worlds could become one. He is scarified in fulfilling that need as there is not enough time for him to love someone and share his life with. In the last two lines of his poem you SE there is an enjambment (13).The whole sonnet changes completely in these lines. There is hard hitting reality revealed by the poet. He stands alone in this â€Å"wide world† because he will die alone and no body will be with him. In the end romance and his fame mean nothing anymore because he is going to die anyway. â€Å"Nothingness† means he is deprived of his life at a young prime age and of love, and his passion to write books and poetry has taken away. There is no resolution for him in this sonnet, because he is at the end of line in his life, he will â€Å"sink†. He will die soon.

Entrepreneurs Personality for Being Successful in Business

Entrepreneurs Personality for Being Successful in Business Miss. Sarita Ghanshyam Tiwari, (M. Com. M. Phil. ) e-mail: [email  protected] com Abstract Business success may causes due to many factors, but the greatest determinant of the business success is the entrepreneur himself / herself. Therefore, the question of what makes a successful entrepreneur is very important. There have been many answers to this question. Some people think entrepreneurs are born, others that they are made. Some see entrepreneurs as passionate leaders with a vision that is totally focused on one objective, while others describe them as compulsive controller. Some says entrepreneurs are risk takers while others say they are risk averse. All of these words may describe some entrepreneurs but they do not describe all successful entrepreneurs. There is no doubt that entrepreneur’s diploma’s, business knowledge and skills play an important role in business growth and success, but the personality of the entrepreneur is even more important. Recent researches in the field of psychology suggest that personality has a great deal to do with being a successful entrepreneur. This paper highlights the personality traits and essential factors of personality determinant of a successful entrepreneur and how does an entrepreneur’s personality can influence a business. The paper also reviews some notable Indian entrepreneur’s and their entrepreneurial work for justification of the topic. Introduction: Why certain people successfully starting and growing a business and others are not? Is it just luck or being in the right place at the right time? Someone can say it is just luck while others can say it is timing. But it also involves other factors too. Recent research in the field of psychology suggests that personality has a great deal to do with being a successful entrepreneur. This may raise many questions in one’s mind such as what is meant by personality? Can it be developed or is it inborn? Which aspects does it carry? Is it really necessary for an entrepreneur? Does it have any impact on the business growth? etc. Personality Meaning: Many people mistake the meaning of personality. They take the physical appearance and various external characteristics of an individual as his or her personality. As they talk about a marvelous personality they may refer to the height, weight, stature and complexion. Well, if you think that it is just the appearance of the physique of a person that determines the personality, then it is time to have a rethink. It is true that physical appearance does matter. However, since most of them are beyond our power and control. Physical appearance is just 10% of the total personality of an individual and not having a long lasting impact on others. There are many other aspects that contribute greatly to one’s personality, which are 90% of the total personality. These aspects involve character, behavior and attitude. Basically, personality development is the improvement of behavior, communication skills, interpersonal relationships, attitude towards life and ethics. Character can be considered the basic factor in determining an individual’s personality. It is the fact that all other factors behind a powerful personality will become useless if the person lacks a good character and behavior. Personality is like a building. Just a building can exist only when it has a strong foundation, a personality can impress others only when it has a formidable basis. And the strong foundation is supplied by character and behavior. If personality is developed on the solid base of values and ethics, it will last forever. Fake smiles and mannerisms may attract others for a comparatively short period. However, they are short-lived and do not help in improving one’s personality. In order to pinpoint this exactly take a look to a simple example. A book with decorative cover page may attract a person’s attention towards it but after looking inner contents of that book a person can predict his opinion regarding it i. e. whether is it a nice book or not? Here a decorative cover page does not carry a long lasting impact on that persons mind. Therefore, personality includes both factors i. e. physical appearance and formidable foundation of good behavior and character. Physical appearance is that personality which creates first impression in front of others that’s why it can be taken as the ‘primary or outer’ personality of an individual, while foundation is considered as ‘secondary or inner’ personality because it has second impact on others. It is not necessary that one should possess physical appearance because it is sometimes depends on the heredity factors of that person. It is inborn type of personality and sometimes depends on the luck factor too. If a person got good looks then it adds to his plus point. We should remember that a person’s height, weight and complexion are not in his hand but he can take care to keep himself neat and clean to impress others. Thus, working on primary personality is necessary but only putting concentration on it is not sufficient. The best personality is based on the solid foundation of character. Good behavior and co-operation makes a man popular. But this strong foundation is not an inborn quality of a person. It can be developed from one’s childhood and has impact of family, family background, friends, working area, society, regions and experience etc. These factors also contribute in developing one’s character and behavior. Does it require Certain Personality Traits to be a Successful Entrepreneur? Business may succeed due to many factors, but the greatest determinant of the business’s success is the entrepreneur himself/herself. Every year thousands of people start a business with the hope of being a successful entrepreneur. But many more business either fails or discontinues and others transfer ownership or control. Unfortunately only 20% of those businesses will survive long enough to celebrate their 5th anniversary and only 20% of those will survive long enough to celebrate their 10th anniversary. To save you doing the math, only 4% of all new businesses formed will survive at least 10 years. Therefore, for anyone who are starting a new business or already running a business the question of what makes a successful entrepreneur is very important. Because if business fails, it may not only cause for a loss with your personal savings and other assets, but it could give your ego a tremendous blow. So that, before making an extraordinary investment of time, energy and money to start a business, an entrepreneur needs to engage himself in some personal soul-searching. He needs to develop some personality traits in himself so that he can successfully handle his business affairs. Without it the business can fail as quickly as it started. An entrepreneur is a business owner, a franchise owner, or CEO of the company. And entrepreneur’s duties include managing employees, acquiring resources, seeking venture capitalism, handling finances, planning, time management, human resources, and more. Thus, being an entrepreneur requires special skills. There is no doubt that entrepreneur’s diploma’s, business knowledge and skills play an important role in business growth and success, but the personality of the entrepreneur is even more important. â€Å"How strongly does the businessman believe in himself and the success of his business? † â€Å"How decisive can the entrepreneur be in changing threats into business opportunities? † These are just a few of the situations that businessman must deal with, and not everyone can cope with these situations. So people who start up and run business need to know their own pluses and minuses, strengths and weaknesses, because self-knowledge through self-analysis is very important. However, self–analysis demands an understanding of one’s own personality in relation to one’s behavior. There is no ‘ideal’ entrepreneurial personality- successful entrepreneurs can be analytical, creative, fearless, flexible and focused. However, psychologists and other business people describe that successful business entrepreneur; whether male or female have some common traits. Personality traits determines the behavior of an entrepreneur in certain ways i. . how he perceive situations, solve problems, interact with people and carry out the job responsibility. Factors Determining Personality Of A Successful Entrepreneur: According to Webster’s dictionary, an entrepreneur is one who organizes, manages and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. Entrepreneurs live i n the future. They have creative personalities, are innovative, and succeed on change. Starting and growing own business requires many skills to be successful. The traits and characteristics of an entrepreneur’s personality can blend with the needs of the business. If one better understand his/her business personality, then he/she can give a company the best part of them. An entrepreneur is determined by the following few outer personality factors, which are only 10% of his/her total personality: 1. Physical Appearance: It’s having a 50/50 born/made ratio and includes sound health, endurance, living style etc. 2. Good Health: An entrepreneur has to put in hard work. This requires tremendous physical stamina to work long hours for extended periods of time. 3. Family Background: It’s an environmental factor and determines environmental heritage. 4. Age and Education: It’s a functional matter . Work Experience: Most entrepreneurs first gain some work experience in the line of business and then start up. In spite of the above outer personality an entrepreneur must have inner personality factors, which are the formidable basis of his/her personality and contributes 90% of his/her total personality. Thus, all successful entrepren eurs will have the following personality traits in common. ? Never stop learning and growing ? Self confident ? Intelligence ? Respect to Others ? Motivating Others ? Communication Skills ? Looking for opportunities everywhere ? Seeking advice from qualified people ? Invests in their future Supports their own business ? Problem solving skills ? Always desire to work hard ? Competitive and have attraction towards Challenges ? Strong management skills ? Willing to pay a price ? Sense of Urgency ? Comprehensive Awareness ? Conceptual Ability ? Emotional Stability ? Always developing people’s skills ? A blessing to their community ? Takes responsibility ? Realistic Outlook and Possess Long term thinking ? Objective Approach ? Set goals and works towards those goals ? Organisational skills ? Decision making skills ? Optimism (Live by the philosophy that this is the best of times and that anything is possible) ? Orientation to excellence (often desire to achieve something outstanding that they can be proud of. ) ? Profit oriented ? Devotion towards his work ? Humanism ? Never quit tendency This is the most concise collection of the characteristics of an entrepreneur and is truly the heartbeat of what characteristics are necessary to truly succeed as a business owner. These traits can be learnt through study, practice and experience. An Entrepreneurs Personality can really influence a Business: We are in a more entrepreneurial period than we were in before the Second World War. With the close of the Second World War, a number of changes with far-flung effect on business world took place. Establishment of World Trade Organisation (WTO) obliged many countries to open up their boundaries and welcome industries, trade and service companies. This added complex dimensions to the intensity to competition. While these changes were taking place in organizational environment, customers attitude were also changed. Customers started demanding more value from the product and services that they bought in the market. Naturally customer satisfaction and delight become the goal to be achieved by organizations. This emerges the need for developing entrepreneurial personality in business owners. Therefore today an entrepreneurship is more than the mere creation of business. An entrepreneur has to do more than just fight hard to win their market share. They must ‘live in the world of action’ and often ‘need thinking several steps ahead’. Entrepreneur’s sense of opportunity, their drive to innovate, and their capacity for accomplishment have become the standard by which an enterprise is now measured. The presence of entrepreneurs in an economy is a sign of economic growth. Entrepreneurs with their personality traits will continue to be critical contributors to economic growth through their leadership, management, innovation, research and development effectiveness, job creation, competitiveness, productivity and formation of new industry. Some Notable Indian Entrepreneurs and their Entrepreneurial work: Dhirubhai Ambani : Born: December 28, 1932 Died: July 6, 2002 Achievements: Dhirubhai Ambani built India's largest private sector company. Dhirubhai Ambani was the most enterprising Indian entrepreneur. His life journey is reminiscent of the rags to riches story. He is remembered as the one who rewrote Indian corporate history and built a truly global corporate group. Dhirubhai Ambani alias Dhirajlal Hirachand Ambani was born on December 28, 1932, at Chorwad, Gujarat, into a Modh family. His father was a school teacher. Dhirubhai Ambani started his entrepreneurial career by selling â€Å"bhajias† to pilgrims in Mount Girnar over the weekends. After doing his matriculation at the age of 16, Dhirubhai moved to Aden, Yemen. He worked there as a gas-station attendant, and as a clerk in an oil company. He returned to India in 1958 with Rs 50,000 and set up a textile trading company. Assisted by his two sons, Mukesh and Anil, Dhiru Bhai Ambani built India's argest private sector company, Reliance India Limited, from a scratch. Over time his business has diversified into a core specialisation in petrochemicals with additional interests in elecommunications, information technology, energy, power, retail, textiles, infrastructure services, capital markets, and logistics. Dhirubhai Ambani is credited with shaping India's equity culture, attracting millions of retail investors in a market till then dominated by financial institutions. Dhirubhai revolutionised capital markets. From nothing, he generated billions of rupees in wealth for those who put their trust in his companies. His efforts helped create an ‘equity cult' in the Indian capital market. With innovative instruments like the convertible debenture, Reliance quickly became a favorite of the stock market in the 1980's. In 1992, Reliance became the first Indian company to raise money in global markets, its high credit taking in international markets limited only by India's sovereign rating. Reliance also became the first Indian company to feature in Forbes 500 list. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) named Dhirubhai Ambani the Indian Entrepreneur of the 20th Century. A poll conducted by The Times of India in 2000 voted him â€Å"greatest creator of wealth in the century†. Ekta Kapoor: Born: June 7, 1975 Achievement: Creative Director of Balaji Telefilms. Ekta Kapoor can be aptly called as the reigning queen of Indian television industry. The serials produced by her company Balaji Telefilms are a great hit with the masses and are dominating all the major T. V. channels in India. Born on June 7, 1975, Ekta Kapoor is daughter of former Bollywood uperstar Jeetendra and sister of current Bollywood hero Tusshar Kapoor. Ekta Kapoor did her schooling from Bombay Scottish School and later on joined Mithibai College. She was not interested in academics and on the advice of her father ventured into TV-serial production at the age of 19. And soon she changed the face of Indian television industry and completely dominat ed it. Today, Ekta Kapoor is the creative director of Balaji Telefilms. Her company has produced more than 25 serials and each one is being shown, on an average, four times a week on different television channels. Ekta Kapoor's serials have captured the imagination of masses. She has broken all previous records of TV serial production and popularity in India. Her most famous television venture has been â€Å"Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi† which began in 2000 and has leaded the TRP ratings in India. Her other famous serials include â€Å"Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki†, â€Å"Kahiin To Hoga†, â€Å"Kavyanjali†, â€Å"Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa†, â€Å"Kasamh Se†, â€Å"Kahin Kisii Roz†, â€Å"Kasautii Zindagi Kay†, â€Å"Kkusum†, â€Å"Kutumb†, â€Å"Kalash†, â€Å"Kundali†, â€Å"Bandini†, â€Å"Kitni Mohabat Hai†. For her entrepreneurial skills and achievements Ekta Kapoor was awarded with Ernst & Young (E&Y) Startup Entrepreneur of the Year award in 2001. Conclusions: Today an entrepreneurship is more than the mere creation of business. An entrepreneur has to do more than just fight hard to win their market share. This emerges the need for developing entrepreneurial person ality in business owners. †¢ An entrepreneurs personality includes two factors: 1) Outer Personality Factors i. e. Physical Appearance, Work Experience, Family Background, Age and Education, Good Health etc. 2) Inner Personality Factors i. e. Personality Traits Personality traits can be learnt through study and practice, they are the formidable basis for building inner personality of an entrepreneur. While physical appearances, age, education, work experience are environmental factors, which are just outer part of an entrepreneur’s personality. †¢ It is not necessary that one should possess physical appearance, family background, age, education and work experience but he should possess the personality traits to tackle business operations successfully, because an entrepreneur is not determined by age, gender, race, religion, intelligence or education but successful entrepreneur do have some common personality traits. Personality traits determines the behavior of an entrepreneur in certain ways i. e. how he perceive situations, solve problems, interact with people and carry out the job responsibility. †¢ Entrepreneurs with their personality traits will continue to be critical contributors to economic growth through their leadership, management, innovation, research and development effectiveness, job creation, competitiveness, productivity and formation of new indus try. Bibliography: 1) Entrepreneur Characteristics: Personal Qualities of an Entrepreneur http://www. orebusiness. com/getting_started/primer/d943458887. brc 2) Bill Bither's Insights 5 Personality Traits of an Entrepreneur http://www. atalasoft. com/cs/blogs/billbither/archive/2006/01/03/inception-of-a. aspx 3) The 9 Personality Types of Entrepreneurs By Darrell Zahorsky, About. com Guidehttp://sbinformation. about. com/cs/development/a/personality_2. htm 4) What Are the Characteristics of a Successful Entrepreneur? http://www. aw-wrdsmth. com/FAQ/characteristics_successful_entre. tml 5) Entrepreneurship is More Than Just Being Your Own Boss Article by nicolelamarco (8,967 pts ) Edited & published by Ronda Levine (24,269 pts ) on Dec 23, 2009 http://www. brighthub. com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/60059. aspx 6) The Four Types of Entrepreneurs Article by R. Elizabeth C. Kitchen (12,490 pts ) Edited & published by JScheid (23,995 pts ) on Dec 26, 2009 http://www. brighthub. com/off ice/entrepreneurs/articles/60187. aspx 7) Entrepreneurial Stress and its Causes Article by William Busse (729 pts ) Edited & published by Ronda Levine (24,269 pts ) on Dec 23, 2009 http://www. brighthub. com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/60057. aspx 8) Successful Entrepreneurs – Those Who Have Made It Big http://blog. franchiseindia. com/events/2009/11/successful-entrepreneurs-those- who-have-made-it-big/ 9) Dhirubhai Ambani Biography http://www. iloveindia. com/indian-heroes/dhirubhai-ambani. html 10) Ekta Kapoor http://www. iloveindia. com/indian-heroes/ekta-kapoor. html

The Pros and Cons of Organ Donation the Giving and Receiving Research Paper

The Pros and Cons of Organ Donation the Giving and Receiving - Research Paper Example Adoption of unhealthy lifestyle practices has led to failure of organs in various individuals and the list of those who are on the receiving end out way the number of people who are on the donating end. In this paper, the emphasis will be on the benefits and cons of donating organs and receiving organs as donation. Body Benefits Various individuals have experienced failure of organ either due to their own ill practices or due to natural health deteriorating conditions. If these people are able to successfully obtain a transplant of their failed organs, they can obtain a second chance to live and continue to be operating in a productive manner by eradicating and solving their past mistakes. There are several organs that can be transplanted and research is being conducted to increase the number of tissues and organs that can be transplanted. Becoming a donor whether living or dead can be a satisfying experience as by donating one would not only be saving one life, he/she might even be bringing smiles to several faces associated with the person requiring a donation (Bramstedt, 2011, p.153). Donating organs after end of life can leave a satisfactory remark on a deceased individual’s family while they are in the grieving process. ... The people who should be considered as most deserving are those who have been waiting for several years. While making the decision from an ethical standpoint, one should decide whom to donate while taking into consideration the utilitarian rule of ethics. The utilitarian rule of ethics suggests that actions that result in the highest amount of benefits to the society should be considered over those actions that result in lower amount of benefits and higher amount of costs (Kanniyakonil, 2007, p.67). While keeping this view in mind, the organ should be donated to those who have high number of people dependant on them and the organ should be given to those who have more years available to live. Organs are even useful after life, they can be useful for those who are still alive. Keeping this in mind one can even opt to donate his/her organs after he/she dies. Costs Organ transplantation can have several benefits; similarly, there are several risks and costs associated with this procedur e. One of the major risks associated with organ transplantation is the procedure through which the organ is transplanted. Organ transplantation requires a major surgery for both the donor and the person who is on the receiving end. Any complications can arise during the procedure and these complications can result in lifelong impairments. Even if the surgery is completed successfully and without any complications, still the donor may face loss of productivity and absence from work, huge amount of pain during the operation and even during the recovery session and cost of medications that are required to assist in recovery. Although an individual has abundant amount of tissues and cells and he/she can share them to perform a good deed, but

The decision regarding the equipment composition - Individual Essay

The decision regarding the equipment composition - Individual assignment - Essay Example In 1976 the FASB issued SFAS No. 13, Accounting for Leases. This statement is considered a part of the generally accepting accounting principles. During the past 35 years after the creation of SFAS No. 13 the FASB has issued a total of six statements, six interpretations, and 11 technical bulletins on leases. When working with accounting for leases there are two different perspective or elements. The two elements are accounting for lessee and accounting for the lessor. The lessor is the original owner of the asset who rents its use to the lessee in change for a recurrent installment payment during the duration of the lease contract. There are two primary classifications of leases which are capital and operating leases. One of the most important aspects for SFAS No. 13 is that it establishes the four criteria necessary to classify a lease as a capital instead of an operating lease. If a lease fails to meet any of the four criteria established on SFAS No. 13 it fail to be classified as a capital lease. The difference between a capital lease and an operating lease is that a capital lease considers the property leased an asset in the accounting books of the company because at the end of the lease transfer of ownership occurs. The four criteria to classify a lease as a capital lease are: 1. The lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee 2. The lease contains a bargain purchase option 3. The lease term is equal to 75% or more of the economic life of the leased property 4. The present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds 90% of the fair market value of the leased property (Weygandt & Kimmel & Kieso, 2003). The two primary classifications of capital or operating lease mentioned are from the perspective of the lessee. â€Å"Appendix No. 5, Determining Lessor’s Type of Lease – FASB, shows the evaluation process that can be used by a lessor to classify a lease† (Lee, 2003, pg. 12). From the lessor’s perspective a capital lease can be classified as a sales type lease, direct financing lease, or a leveraged lease. Each of the three types of lessor lease classifications can be defined differently. A sales type lease occurs when the fair value of the lease is different than its carrying amount and real estate is involved and ownership of the property is transferred, or when real estate is not involved and lease meets all four criteria u nder SFAS No. 13 and two additional lease criteria which are listed below: Collectibility of minimum lease payment is reasonably predictable No important uncertainties surround the amount of unreimbursable cost yet to be incurred by the lessor under the lease (Lee, 2003). The second lessor classification for a capital lease is direct financing lease. If the fair value and carrying amount of the lease are the same and the lease meets the two additional criteria mentioned in the definition of a sales type lease then the lease is classified as a direct financing lease. The third type of classification is the leveraged lease. In a leveraged lease a long term creditor intervenes to provide non recourse

The Results of Safety Training at the Moline Plant and Recommendations Essay

The Results of Safety Training at the Moline Plant and Recommendations for Future Trainings - Essay Example As the research discovers the tendency of decrease of safety incidents was slowed down in the middle of the evaluation period, which corresponds to our pre-training expectations. In this regard, one of the most important factors that contributed to the mentioned positive trend from the very beginning of the evaluation period was the high level of employee`s motivation in relation to observance of safety rules, confirmed by the questionnaires distributed in the beginning, in the middle, and in the end of the evaluation period. The decline in the level of employee`s motivation in relation to observance of safety rules was marked in the middle of the evaluation period, which correlates with the slowed decrease of safety incidents. In this regard, the important conclusion can be drawn that for safety trainings to remain maximally effective for prolonged periods of time, they should be integrally incorporated into the work process at the Moline plant in the future. This paper stresses that building on the above-mentioned considerations, some relevant recommendations can be made as to the ways to achieve the most effective inclusion of regular safety trainings, and safety culture as such as well, to the work process at the Moline plant. Firstly, the practice of involvement of contract trainers has had mixed results and should be reevaluated. As a matter of fact, two of the four trainers received relatively low ratings from the students.

Establishing a New Recruitment Interview Process using Business Assignment - 1

Establishing a New Recruitment Interview Process using Business Modeling Software - Assignment Example This assignment focuses on the description of the preparation of procedures manual that entails certain stages and specific processes that encompass writing a preliminary outline, drafting the proposal, designing a brochure, detailing the preparation plan, and ultimately coming out with the final procedures manual. The researcher explaines the process of developing of the manual through the various stages. First one enhances awareness on the intricate details and elements of design that need to be incorporated in the final outcome to ensure that the proposed manual serves its purpose. The procedures manual created in the assignment and containing all the crucial elements from all the diverse stages of literary work and design is presented. The manual is for are HR personnel, the potential candidates of the proposed software for the recruitment interview process. In addition, the role of human resources facilitator, in the capacity of the HR manager, is crucial as the person identifie d to interpret and analyze the results and to recommend screened candidates for possible positions in the organization. The implementation of the software program that would enhance recruitment process required the clear and accurate identification of major procedures for the potential users. To conclude, the researcher states that this procedures manual created in the assignment presents the manual overview and solution, the detailed procedural requirements, the benefits to the users, and finally, the author’s information.

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Response paper - Essay Example Besides, he was a good student of Geography and I figured out he would be handy in giving directions using a compass (Ruskin 9). My friend and I got lost deep inside one of the Indian forests. We were scared for we were not sure of any help. We accidentally came across an ancient pot that had Sanskrit writings on it. I took it the pot because it would fetch a good price at a tourist shop. Marlin suggested we follow a footpath and see where it would lead. On the way we saw deciduous trees that were shading their leaves. Other trees resembled coniferous that the biology teacher had told us bear cones (Ruskin 22). Soon we were overcome with hunger. We decided to make a camp to rest for the night and continue with the search the following day. We tried to make fire to warm ourselves but we could not. As a result, we slept in cold under the moonlight. In the middle of the night, Marlin complained of digestion problems which were a result of eating cold food. As if the digestion problems were not enough, a vermin rodent bit him. I gave him first aid and hoped he would be fine the following day (Ruskin 33). The next day, he was blooming with confidence and looked healthy. I thanked God. No sooner had we started to walk than we saw a group of Indian hunters. We gave them our story and they showed us the way to the town. We were so happy for we knew, we would be safe at last (Ruskin

Ulcers and You Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ulcers and You - Research Paper Example Proteins comprise of amine and the acid groups in their structures. If a protein-rich food for instance, fish overstays under unfavorable conditions of temperature and pressure, the amino acid structures in it may alter and become toxic. The non-fresh foods jeopardize the gastric system and might worsen with time. Dr Heddy’s family situation might have incorporated the consumption of toxins on the non-fresh fish. Dr Heddy should know the causes and remedies of ulcers before taking the kids to the hospital. Ulcers closely relate to the colitis, an infection characterized by swellings in the large intestine wall. Ulcers and colitis possess a critical relationship since they are both result from the gastrointestinal wall infections. This exercise will employ the logic to describe the scientific reasoning behind the stomach infections. The ethos will strive to impart an absolute understanding of the topic amongst the audience. The emotional involvement will attain a consideration since the matter affects an individual’s family. Causes of Ulcers Ulcers are caused by bacterial infections that compromise the structure of the internal lining of   digestive tract. The bacteria can reach the stomach when the food consumed by an individual contains the bacteria or its eggs. The digestive tract comprises of the esophagus, the duodenum and the stomach. The esophagus is the path followed by the food taken into the stomach. The duodenum refers to the region between the esophagus and the stomach. The bacterium responsible for the ulcer development in an individual is called helicobacter pylori. The bacterium has the capacity to habit the stomach lining and administers its effects on the stomach walls. The bacteria infect the stomach walls and multiply to increase its chances of survival. The condition can also result from the intake of drugs, which are nonstreidal, and averts inflammations such as asprin and nuprin. The drugs disable the functionality of the go blet cells to secrete the mucus on the duodenal and the stomach linings. Once there are inadequate amounts of mucus in the tract walls, the hydrochloric acid and the digestive juices corrode the stomach walls. The corrosion then results into inflammations and wounds. Consumption of hot and spicy foods may also increase the amounts of the acids in the stomach enhancing the intensity of the hydrochloric acid actions on the gastric mucosa. There are other causes of ulcers such as smoking, alcohol and caffeine, which there will be no emphasis on in this scenario. The significance of focusing on the other causes is because Dr Heddy’s family developed the stomach problems after the consumption of food they expected of being stale. Symptoms of Ulcers The condition victims experience severe abdominal pains around the navel and the breastbone. The victims may also vomit foods they eat and intensive nausea. Among children, a significant weakness may be experienced because of anemia. Th e pains encountered emanate from the inflammations and the sores in the stomach. Diagnosis of Ulcer Endoscopy This invasive test entails insertion of a long-narrow tube through the mouth to the esophagus. The tube runs through duodenum and into the stomach. The tube is fitted with a sharp light and a camera. The tube examines the walls and detects the presence of the helicobacter pylor

(Ethics and Communication) reflect on the ethics followed by Jim Article

(Ethics and Communication) reflect on the ethics followed by Jim Lehrer - Article Example Talent alone would be of no use until and unless provided with a suitable chance to get exhibited and acknowledged. Jim Lehrer being a very good professional and a person of many talents when given a chance on a local channel stood out like a bright shiny star on the sky among others. He enjoyed the status of an undisputed king in the media as a chief anchor of his remarkably known and well acclaimed program named â€Å"The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer† for about four decades. At such a level the commendable sense of professionalism and personal goodness exhibited by Jim was simply exemplary. In gratitude to the favors bestowed to him by his organization and his colleagues he returned all the fame and success associated to him by branding the program with the name of the organization. Though, unnoticeably in the beginning, he changed the name of the ever famous program by deleting his name’s subscript from it and replacing it with the name of the organization. The change of the name to â€Å"The PBS NewsHour† was not only a mere transformation but a deliberate act to serve the cause of professional journalism. He also changed the format of the program by introducing multiple anchors to encourage his colleagues and juniors. Without any peer or higher management pressures and obligations, the ethical demonstration by Jim Lehrer was the result of his ultimate fairness and professionalism.

Despairing Companionship Essay Example for Free

Despairing Companionship Essay â€Å"Modern Love,† a poetic sequence by George Meredith, describes a skeptical opinion on the idea of modern love. Meredith’s devastating tone, complex similes and metaphors, and dark imagery convey a sad and regretful outlook on the love of this time. â€Å"Modern Love† is riddled with a tone full of regret and heartache, making this modern love seem more like the opposite of love. The speaker says â€Å"she wept with waking eyes† and her â€Å"strange low sobs† were â€Å"strangled mute.† The words describing this woman are full of grief, full of â€Å"vain regret. † Her husband is painfully aware of his wife’s sadness, through her reaction to â€Å"his hand’s light quiver by her head† and her sobs that were â€Å"dreadfully venomous to him.† The speaker’s worried tone shows how much the husband wishes for his wife to be happy, but his actions of loving care and cautiousness do nothing to quell her tears. This makes modern love seem hopeless and full of despair for both the man and his distraught wife. Use of intense simile and metaphor throughout â€Å"Modern Love† also demonstrates a grim view on the concept of modern love. The muffled cries of the wife are called â€Å"little gaping snakes† showing how afraid and vulnerable the husband is to them. The man’s wife has a â€Å"Giant heart of Memory and Tears† which shows the heavy, almost useless organ that the wife carries around within her, empty of love, only able to remember the sadness to which she has been subjected to. Then, the husband and wife are said to be â€Å"like sculpture effigies† in their â€Å"common bed,† lying â€Å"stone-still.† Instead of two lovers talking to each other and loving each other in their bed, a place shared between the two of them, they are â€Å"moveless† and silent. This makes modern love seem empty of joy, empty of companionship, and devoid of love. â€Å"Modern Love† also utilizes imagery to portray the sadness and tension of modern love. The wife is described as lying â€Å"stone-still.† They are both â€Å"moveless† as they look back through their â€Å"dead black years.† Their life is described as â€Å"black,† which provides the image of nothingness, as if there is no memory worth seeing. Their modern love provides no light with which their lives might be made happy. They are seen as â€Å"sculptured effigies,† wishing for the â€Å"sword that severs all.† Instead of wishing for a good relationship or positive time together, they want something to end their marriage, to end the one thing that ties them together. This modern love is not love at all, but a forced binding between two people who want nothing of it. The poetic sequence â€Å"Modern Love† by George Meredith conveys a dark and regretful view of modern love through heartbreaking tone, deep similes and metaphors, and intense imagery.

Working Capital Management Essay Example for Free

Working Capital Management Essay 1.1 Background of the Study Finance is a business term which deals with the study of fund management. If finance is to be accepted as weapon which enables an organization to pay its bills promptly it is necessarily linked with the flow of fund. The management may accept or reject a business provision on the basic of financial viabilities .It guides investment where opportunity is the greatest producing relatively uniform yard stick for judging most of a firms operations and projects and is continually concerned with achieving and adequate rate of return on investment as this is necessary for survival and the attracting of new capital. The function of finance involves three major decisions which the firm must make the investment decision, financing decision and dividend decision. An optimum combination of the three will maximize the value of the firm. In other word entire activities relating the finance are done with the help of financial management. So in this area of management there are two main functions firstly to assemble the funds necessary to initiate a new business economically and secondly to provide the basis of continue new operation. â€Å"Financial management may be defined as the part of management which is concerned mainly with raising funds in the most economic and suitable manner, using, these funds as profitable as possible, planning future operation, and controlling current performance and future developments through financial accounting cost accounting, budgeting, statistics, and other means. It guides investment where opportunity is the greatest producing relatively uniform yard stick for judging most of a firms operations and projects and is continually concerned with achieving an adequate rate of return on investment as this is necessary for survival and  the attracting of new capital(kulkarni, 1986: 76) We know that firms aim at maximizing the wealth of shareholders. In its effort to maximize shareholders wealth, the firm should earn sufficient return from the operations. Earning a sound amount of profit requires successful business activities. The firm has to invest enough funds in current assets for the success of business activity. Current assets are needed because sales do not convert into cash immediately. Investment in current assets should be just adequate or not more not less, to the needs of the business firm. It should be realized that the working capital needs of the firm may be fluctuating with changing business activity. This may cause excess or shortage of working capital frequently. The management should be too prompt to begin an action and current imbalance. Thus, the firm should have knowledge of the sources of working capital funds as well as investment avenues where idle funds may be temporarily invested. Thus the study of working capital is of prime importance to internal and external analysts because of its close relationship with the current day to day operations of a business enterprise. Management of working capital in a business enterprise is very important mainly for few reasons. Firstly, an enterprise, must determine the adequacy of investment in current assets, otherwise, it would seriously erode their liquidity base. Secondly, they must select the type of current asset suitable for investment so as to raise operational efficiency. Thirdly they are required to ascertain the turnover of current assets that greatly determine the profitability of the enterprise. Lastly they must find out the appropriate source of funds to finance current assets. It is therefore a recognized fact that any mistake made in management of working capital can lead to adverse affects in business and can reduce the liquidity turnover and profitability of the firms. Working capital management is an important decision making area of financial management of an enterprises. It requires understanding for how to raise and allocated financial resources how to relate Short-term investments, financial decisions to the overall objectives of the firm and how to relate  short-terms financial decisions to certain long term financial decision to certain long term financial decisions .(Upadhyay,1985:40) Working capital management involves the relationship between a firms Short-term assets and its short term liabilities. The goal of working capital management is to ensure that a firm is able to continue its operations and that is has sufficient ability to satisfy both maturing short-term debt up coming operational expenses. The management of working capital involves managing inventories, account receivable, account payable, cash etc. There are two concept of working capital gross concept and net concept. Gross working capital simply called as working capital, refers to the firms investment in current asserts. Current assets are the assets which can be converted into cash within an accounting year and include cash, short-term securities, debits, bills receivables and stock. Net working capital refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities current liabilities are those claims of outsiders which are expected to return for payment within an accounting year and include creditors, bills payable and outstanding expenses. Net working capital can be positive or negative. A positive net working capital will arise when current assets exceed current liabilities. A negative net working capital occurs when current liabilities are in excess of current assets. (Pandey; 1995: 665) Working capital management is a process of short-term decision making regarding the current assets and liabilities affecting the long term operation of an organization. It is a process of planning and controlling the level and mix of current assets of the firm as well as financing these assets. It includes decision regarding cash and marketable securities, receivables, inventories and current liabilities with an objective of maximizing the overall in due of the firm. In general, the concept of working capital is synonymous with the fund available for meeting day -to- day requirements of a company. But according to a group of authorities working capital refers to the amount of investment  in total current assets only. It means they are supporting the gross concept of working capital. Thus the gross concept of working capital denotes short-term asset only, it does not include short-term liabilities. However, a business can not exist only with the current assets, it needs current liabilities too. Actually, the amount of working capital heaving depends upon the amount of current liabilities. In this sense working capital means the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Meaning of Banks Banks are very important financial intermediaries in financial market. â€Å"Financial intermediaries not only savers but also they create new financial products. They gain economics of scale in analysis of credit worthiness of potential borrowers in processing and collecting lone and minimize cost of information and make easy flow of transactions.(Peter, 1999: 4) Banks are the principal source of credit to house hold, individuals and family business all forms and local units of government Furth more, they are the source of financial information, planning and controlling. â€Å"Banking institution is inevitable for resource mobilization and all-round development of the country. It is resource for economic development; it maintains economic confidence of various segments and extends credit to people. (Ronald, 1993: p 87). Bank deal with money by accepting various type of deposits disbursing loans and investing in productive sectors and rendering other financial services as the primary function. Banks are channels between saving surplus and saving deficit people and thus they are the bridge of utilize scatter fund to productive sectors. Hence, they represent a vital role in the transmission of government economic policies (especially monitory policies) to the economy. When bank credit is expensive, the investment slows down and unemployment rises. Bank deposit represents the most significant component of the money supply used by the public, commercial banks play an important role for economic development of the country as they provide capital for the development of industry trade and business by investing the saving collected as deposits from public. They render various services to their customers facilitating their economic and  social life. About Bank of Katmandu Ltd. Bank of Kathmandu Ltd. (BOK LTD.) is a culmination of a comprehensive vision of the promoters to take the Nepalese economy to a newer realign in the global market. Each promoters of Bank of Kathmandu has successfully demonstrated leadership skill, business acumen and entrepreneurial wants his/her respective field. Bank of Kathmandu came into operation in March 1995, under the commercial bank act 2031 with the following predominant objectives. Identify business prospects not at catered by then existing commercial banks and offer new banking products and services. Introduce modern banking technology facilitating bank and business operations and transactions. Bank of Kathmandu activities globe around deposit mobilizations, Advancement of various credits, International banking including trade financing, inward and outward remittance and funds and portfolio management. The bank has introduced many facilities to the customer. Deposits of unfavorable conditions, the bank has been able to make a substantial marketing of products, expansion of areas and diversification of service using latest technology, which will ultimately, helps it to grow further. Bank of Kathmandu is committed to providing products and service of the highest standards to its customer by understanding their requirements best suiting the market needs. Bank of Kathmandu has been providing any where banking facilities, from which customer can deposit and withdraw from any of nineteen branches including head office. Bank has lunched customer oriented service such as hire purchase, educational loan, housing loan, vehicle loan, festivity loan, foreign employment loan scheme etc. bank of Kathmandu. It’s launched the mobile banking service through SMS. With the aim of providing banking services at the customer fingertips. Bok is starting internet Banking and alert service. BOK is starting internal banking and alert service very soon. Capital Structure of Bank of Kathmandu Independent and Self-Governing board, involving a pool of endowed and farsighted directors, each directors of the board has been recognized and well-acclaimed for his/her contribution in the development and growth of Bank of Kathmandu. Young, seasoned and talented bankers, each with year of banking experience and proven competency, Constitute the management team of bank of Kathmandu. In the present economic scenario the bank has to complete with other existing and new commercial bank of Nepal. It is already established itself as an innovative bank that introduces new modern technology in the banking industry. In short, BOK has made significant contribution to support the countries economic system and development effort. 1.2 Focus of the Study Financial institutions assist in the economic development of the country. The concept of financial institution in Nepal was introduced when the first commercial bank, the Nepal Bank Limited, was established in 1994 B.S as a semi-government organization. In the fiscal year 2039/040, new banking policy was introduced for the establishment of new banks by the joint investment of foreign nations. The establishment of joint venture banks gave a new horizon to the financial sector of the country. Commercial banks are the heart of the financial system, which plays significant role by collecting scattered surplus fund and delaying these funds in the productive sectors as an investment. They hold the deposits of many persons, government establishment and business units. They make fund available through their lending and investing activities to borrowers, individuals, business firms and government establishments. Bank is a business organization where monetary transaction occurs. It creates funds from its client, saving and lends the same to needy person or business companies’ in term of loans, advances and investment. So, proper financial decision making is more important in banking transaction for its efficiency and profitability. Most of the financial decisions of a bank are concerned with current assets and current liabilities. The working capital management of a bank is different from that of other  business enterprises. A bank plays a significant role to fulfill the requirement of working capital of any other type of business enterprises. It also needs efficient management. Investment in working capital of other business enterprises is a part of current assets of banks working capital and we can consider deposits and short term borrowing as a part of current liabilities. So this study is a reference regarding the working capital management. 1.3 Statement of the Problem Working capital management has been regarded as one of the conditioning factor in the decision making issue. The management of working capital is synonymous to the management of short- term liquidity. Working capital is regarded as the life blood and nerve of a business concern and is essential to accommodate the smooth operations of working capital is harmful to an enterprise to achieve its primary objectives, therefore maintaining optimal level of working capital is the cruse of the problem as it is strongly related to the trade off between risk and return. How ever it is difficult to point out as to how much working capital needed by a particular business organization. An organization which is not willing to take more financial risks can go for more short term liquidity. The more of short term liquidity means more of current assets and less of current liabilities. The less current liabilities implies less short term financing heading to the lower returns resulting from the use of more high cost long term financing , so it is very essential to analysis and find out problems and its solution to make efficient use for funds for minimizing the risk of loss to attain profit objective. Inadequate investments in working capital threaten the solvency of enterprise as well as effect its growth. On the other hand, excessive investments in working capital yield nothing. Therefore working capital should be determined in such a way that total cost of liquidity and cost of non liquidity is minimum. Hence the goal of working capital management is to manage the firm’s current assets and current liabilities in such a way that it should maintain satisfactory level. Working capital management of banks is more difficult than that of manufacturing and non manufacturing business organization. Commercial banks are great monetary institutions which are playing important role to general welfare of the economy. The responsibility of commercial banks is more than any other financial institutions. They must be ready to pay on demand without warning or notice, a good share of their viabilities. Banks collect funds from different types of deposits for providing loan and advances to different sector. To get higher return, banks must try to increase funds from deposits as well as their investment. The first motive of banking business is to borrow public saving and lend to needy people. But commercial banks always face the problem for utilizing more deposit as investment fully and productively. The gap between collection of deposits and disbursement of loan increase the cash balance on bank, which require paying its large amount of liability of banks. Some specific problems felt in this study are as follows:- 1. What are the major factors effecting the management of WC in BOK? 2. Which of the current assets are more problematic on BOK? 3. How have the firms been raising the required funds? Is the funds properly and productively utilized or not? 4. What are the components of WC which affect the operating income of BOK? 5. How have the bank been utilizing their debt capital. 1.4 Objective of the Study Research objectives are the guidelines to conducting the research at a right way. The major objective of the study is to evaluate the working capital position of bank of Kathmandu limited. The other objectives of this study are to throw light on the importance of the proper management of working capital and to make suggestion about how to manage working capital of bank of Kathmandu limited from the long rage view point. The specific objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To indicate liquidity position in current assets of bank of Kathmandu limited over the year. 2. To point out the position of current liabilities and assets of bank of Kathmandu limited over the year. 3. To analyze the need to control investment in working capital in bank of Kathmandu limited. 4. To make suggestion about removing any obstacle in making decision regarding management of working capital and to point out  alternating solution for maximizing the profit . 1.5 Significance of the Study Working capital is the size of investment in each type of current assets, each of the current assets should be managed efficiently an effectively. It is because decision regarding working capital affects not only the profit ability of the firm in the short term but also its very survival in the long run. The management of working capital should not be neglected by enterprises otherwise they will seriously erode their financial viability. As the commercial bank in Nepal are exacting greater and greater influence in the economy of the country and effective and efficient management of their current assets is needed to better the profitability of the firm. The need of the study like this arises from the real nature of the banking business and also forms the impact that it has economy of the country because the business of banks is to accept deposits and advanced loans, and the label of deposits and loans depends upon the working capital policy the study of this type will be most importance for the bankers, the economists and the public at large. It provides the literature to the researcher who wants to carry on further researcher who wants to carry on further research in this field. Therefore, it has been felt very necessary to evaluate the position of working capital management and to focus on the importance of the capital management in bank of Kathmandu limited. 1.6 Limitations of the Study None of the study can go beyond the boundary of some limitations and this study is also not an exception. The scope of the present study has been limited in terms of period of study as well as sources and nature of data. The following are the major limitations of the study. 1. This study is considered only bank of Kathmandu limited and based on secondary data. 2. This study focused on working capital management of bank of Kathmandu limited only. Thus the findings of the study may not be applicable for other bank so the study cannot judge other financial aspects of the bank. 3. Only main financial tools and statistical tools are employed for analyzing the working capital management. 4. The study only covers the period of five  fiscal years from 2059/060 to 2063/ 064. 5. This study is basically done as the requirement for the partial fulfillment of masters of Business studies (MBS) of Tribhuvan university (T.U.) 1.7 Organization of the Study The study has been divided into five chapters. They are as follows:- 1. Introduction The first chapter deals with introduction, background of the study, limitations of the study and organization of the study. There fore, this chapter is for brief introduction of the topic and it highlights the fundamental objectives. 2. Review of literature The second chapter deals with the review of related literatures and available studies Written and prepared by different experts and researcher in the field of working capital. 3. Research Methodology The third chapter presents the research methodology used in the study. It deals with research design, population and sample. Nature and sources of data date processing procedure, tools and techniques of analysis. 4. Presentation and Analysis of Data The fourth chapter is the main part of this research that deals with the presentation analysis and interpretation of data. Different types of tools and technique have been used to analyze the available data in order to achieve the set objectives. 5. Summery, Conclusion and Recommendations The fifth chapter presents the summary and conclusion of the study based on the analysis of data and also provides recommendation for the improvement of working capital management of bank of Kathmandu limited. CHAPTER- 2 Review of Literature This chapter is concerned with the review of relevant literatures available in the books, journals articles research reports, newspapers, magazines, policy documents which are published or unpublished. Every study is very much based in past knowledge study and experiences. The past knowledge or the previous studies should not be ignored as it provides foundation to the present study various thesis works have done indifferent aspects of working capital of different organization are also review for the purpose of justifying the study . 2.1Conceptual Framework The management of the funds of business can be described as financial management. Financial management is mainly concerned with two aspects. Firstly, fixed assets and fixed liabilities, which are concerned with current uses and sources of funds. Both of these types of funds play a vital role in business finance. Business firms need various types of assets in order to carry out its operation. Some assets are required to meet the needs of regular production and same other are required specially to meet day to day expenses and short term obligations. The assets such as cash, marketable, securities, account receivables and inventories which are know as current assets are required to maintain at a certain level depending upon the volume of production and sales. The cash and marketable securities are respectively considered as purely liquid and near liquid assets where as the account receivable and inventories are not. However they can be liquidated as and when necessary within a period of less than one year. The capital invested on these assets is known as working capital. In short working capital is the sources of financing current assets and it includes shorts as well as long term financing. Firms need cash to pay for all their day to day activities. They have to pay wages, pay for raw materials, pay bills and so on. The money available to them to do this is known as the firm’s working capital. The main sources of working capital are the current assets as these are short term assets that  the firm can use to generate cash. However the firm also has current liabilities and so these have to be taken account of when working out how much working capital a firm has its disposal. Working Capital is there fore:- Thus working capital is the same as net current assets, and is an important part of the top half of the firm’s balance sheet. It is vital to a business to have sufficient working capital to meet its entire requirement. Many businesses have gone under not because they were unprofitable but because they suffered from shortages of working capital. By the definition of various experts of working capital management we conclude that all institution whether private or public financial institution manufacturing or non manufacturing that need just adequate working capital to compete with competitive market . It is because over or under adequacy of working capital is dangerous from the firms objective points of view over investment on working capital effects the firms profitability just as idle investment. on the other hand under investment on working capital effects the liquidity position of the firm and causes to financial hindrance and failure of the company . It is therefore a recognized fact that any mistake made in management of working capital can cause to adverse effects in business and reduces the liquidity turn over and profitability and increases the cost of financing of the organization. â€Å"The objective of managing working capital is to aid in the value maximization of the firm by minimizing the cost of working capital. The level of working capital also differs by the types and nature of business. The cost of maintaining the working capital depends on the sources of finance used. The short-term sources generally cost less than the long term sources but they are riskier. (Pradhan, 1992: 148) 2.2 Concept of Working Capital There are two schools of thoughts or concepts regarding the meaning of working capital. According to one school of thought, working capital is meant for the currents only. It is concerned nothing with the liabilities  side. According to other school of thought working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. The former concept which can be termed as gross concept, is important to newly established companies where liabilities have not been acquired immediately , but the lattes one which can be term as net concept is important for both newly established and operating concerns where some amount of current liabilities has been maintained for payment of different creditors, income taxes, bill payable, secured and unsecured loan etc. The term current assets refers to those assets which in the ordinary course of business can be or will be turn into cash within one year without undergoing or diminishing in value and without disrupting the operations of the firm such as cash, Marketable securities, accounts receivables and inventory etc. current liabilities are those liabilities which are intended at their inception to be paid in the ordinary course of business such as accounts payable, bank overdraft and outstanding expenses etc . Mainly there are two concepts of working capital gross concept and net concept. Gross Concept In a simple term gross concept of W/C means investment in current assets in other words, gross working capital is the total amount of available for financing of current assets .However it does not show the real financial position of a business firm. According to this concept the working capital may be classified as capital invested in the various types of current assets such as cash, inventories, receivables etc. This classification important from financial managers point of view as it lays emphasis on the various areas of functional responsibility but it totally ignores the time which is very important in the formulation of procurement polices. From the view of I m pandey gross working capital refers to the firms investment in current assets. C/A are the assets which can be converted into cash within an accounting year and include cash short term securities debtors bills receivables and stock. Net Concept Gross concept of W/C is the narrow concept which is only concerned with the  study about total investment of current assets .In the other hands, net concept of W/C is a broad concept which focuses to long term view of working capital. under the concept of net W/C it studies current assets and current liabilities as differently. Todays market is heterogeneous every changed in environment and other factors bring changes of demand needs and wants of customers at the same time so every business firms have to be made their W/C policies to fit the new environment thus, Net W/C concept should be studied to know the portion of current liabilities. How much current liabilities should be managed to how much current assets? Net W/C is an accounting concept, which represents the excess of current assets over its current liabilities. current assets consists of cash, bank balance, stock, debtors, bills receivables etc and current liabilities consists bills payable, creditors, outstanding expense s etc. Excess of current assets over current liabilities, thus, it indicates the liquidity position of an enterprises. From the view point of I .M pandey, the term net working capital refers to â€Å"the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current liabilities are those claims outsiders which are expected to nature for payment within an accounting year and include creditors, bills payable and outstanding expenses. Net working capital can be negative or positive. A positive Net W/C will be arise when capital occurs when current liabilities are in excess of current assets† (Pandey;1995;p730 ) 2.3 Classification of Working Capital Working capital can be classified into two types:- 1. Permanent or fixed working capital 2. Temporary or variable or fluctuating working capital A firm’s permanent working capital is the amount of current assets required to meet long term minimum needs. Temporary working capital on the other hand is the investment in current assets that varies with seasonal requirements. figure in below illustrates the firms changing needs for working capital over time while highlighting both the permanent and temporary nature of those needs. Permanent working capital is similar to the firm’s fixed assets in two important respects. First, the amount invested in both of these asset groups  is long term. Therefore supplies of capital to the firm need to realize that the funding needs for permanent current assets is long term despite the seeming contradiction that the assets being financed are called â€Å"Current†. Second, for a growing firm, the level of permanent working capital needed will increase over time in the same way that a firms fixed assets will need to increase over time. However, permanent working capital is different from fixed assets in one very important respects- it is constantly changing permanent working capital does not consists of particular current assets staying permanently in place , but is a permanent level of investment in current assets, whose individual items are constantly turning over. Like permanent working capital, temporary working capital also consists of current assets in a constantly changing form. However since the need for this portion of the firms total current assets is seasonal, we may want to consider financing this level of current assets from a source which can it self be seasonal or temporary in nature. (Van Horn; 1996: 205) Thus the permanent working capital refers to that level of current assets which is required on a continuous basis over the entire year and the temporary working capital represents that portion of working capital which is required over permanent working capital. 2.4 Objectives of Working Capital A bank undertakes many transactions daily. Sometimes, customers deposits large quantity and sometimes withdraw from their deposits in high quantity. Investment fund of banks is covered by deposit collections of different types of account holder. A bank should have to pay the money to depositors when they want to withdraw. For daily operation of office and to meet the administrative expenses, a bank should have certain level of working capital. Working capital is required to run the business smoothly and efficiently in the context of the set objective. It is no doubt that no company can achieve its goal without proper use of working capital. Therefore it can compare as lifeblood to the organization. The main objectives of arranging capital are as follows: 1. To pay to depositors 2. To maintain cash reserve ratio (CRR) statutory liquidity Ratio (SLR) 3. To satisfy the customers by granting loans promptly and increase the attraction of business etc. 4. To meet the administrative expenses, perform the task as per objectives of business and run the business smoothly. 5. To fulfill the present need of business as well as get ready for risk and economic fluctuation in future. 2.5 Need of Working Capital Working capital is maintained at bank by current saving fixed deposit collection. Specially to grant loan and to pay cheque, creditors and account holders demand the liquidity. Generally banks need liquidity for maintaining following goals. 1. Transaction Motive 2. Security Motive 3. Speculative Motive Figure 2.2 Need of working capital 2.6 Determinants of Working Capital The total requirement of working capital is determined by a wide variety of factors. The influence of these factors is different in different business organizations. Perhaps none of them can neglect the management of adequate w/c. Therefore, an analysis of the relevant factors should be made in order to determine the total investment in w/c. The description of the factors which generally influence the w/c requirement of the firm is given below 1) Nature and Size of Business The working capital requirement of a firm is basically related to Nature and size of the business organization. If the size of the business is small, then it requires less working capital but if the business organization is bigger, it requires more working capital. Financial and training institution have needed very high amount of w/c. Public utilities have a very limited need of w/c and have to invest abundantly in fixed assets. Their working capital requirements are nominal. 2) Production Policy We just noted that a strategy of constant production may be maintained in order to resolve the working capital problems arising due to seasonal changes in the demand for the firm’s product. A steady production policy will cause inventories to accumulate during the off season periods and the firm will be exposed to greater inventory costs and risks. Thus, if cost and risks of maintaining a constant production schedules in accordance with changing demand. Those firms, whose productive capacities can be utilized for manufacturing varied products can have the advantaged of diversified activities and solve their working capital problems. (Pandey; 1995: 675) 3) Operating Efficiency Operating efficiency of the firm means the optimums utilization of resources at minimum cost .The firm cannot effectively contribute to its working capital when the operating efficiency is low. Working capital turnover is improved with a better operation and financial efficiency of a firm, efficiency of operation accelerates the face of cash cycle and improves the working capital turnover . It releases the pressure on working capital by improving profitability and improving the internal generation of fund. 4) Manufacturing Cycle Manufacturing cycle starts with the purchase and use of raw material and completes with the production of finished goods. Longer the manufacturing cycle larger will be the firms working capital requirements. An extended manufacturing time span means large tie-up funds in stocks. Thus if there are alternative way of manufacturing cycle should be chosen, once a manufacturing process has been selected , it should be ensured that manufacturing cycle is completed with in the specified period . This need proper planning and coordination at all levels of activity non manufacturing firm financial and service oriented enterprises do not have manufacturing cycle .(Pandey ; 1995: 674) 5) Profit Margin The net profit is source of working capital to the extent that has been earned in cash. The earning capacity of the different firm can not be equal.  In the words of I.M .Pandey some firms enjoy a dominant position due to quality product or good marketing management or monopoly power in the market and earn a high profit margin. Higher profit margin contributes to more working capital. The level of working capital is determined not only by the profit margin , but also by the way of appropriation for taxations, dividends, reserves and depreciation only after providing for these items internal funds can be set a side for working capital . As the provisions for these items are higher the amount of working capital will be lesser. 6) Level of Taxes The level of taxes is one of the important elements, which is also influences working capital requirement of a firm. The amount of taxes to be paid in advances is determined by the prevailing tax regulations. But the firms profit is not constant or cant be predetermined. Tax liability in a sense of short- term liquidity is payable in cash. Therefore the provision for tax amount is one of the important aspects of working capital planning. If tax liability decrease, it needs to decrease the working capital and vice -versa. Besides the above factors there are many other factors also which may have a greater role in determining the size and composition of working capital for example firms attitude to take risk, credit policy, firms policies toward the financial management in the inflationary period, co-ordination among production, distribution, developed transport and communication system etc could also play an important role in determinants effects both temporary and permanent working capital.

Effect of Morning Shows in Pakistan

Effect of Morning Shows in Pakistan Impact of Morning Shows on Housewife Abstract: The research is aiming to find the impact of Morning Shows on Housewife. The researcher has found association between viewership and influence of Morning shows on Housewife. The Researcher choose this topic as Morning shows are getting popular in our society and considering the importance of Morning shows and females attachment with the characters of different celebrities. The researcher used survey method to measure the influence and impact of Morning shows on housewives. As survey technique is an effective way to find out people’s behavior. There has been noticed a heavy viewership of Morning Shows and a greater influence over housewife’s. Excessive influence of Morning Shows on Housewife of middle is also seen. Influence in culture, language, relationship and religious practices is seen. Housewife’s watch these Morning Shows and are getting influenced by the artist according to their mental understanding. Housewives are the ones who bring up the society and play a role in nation building. There is an excessive viewership of Morning Shows and greater change on Housewife’s in Pakistani Society Introduction: Television shows is a major element of media. Media has been considered to be a change agent of socialization. Media reflects the society and Society has to depend on media for the fulfillment of its various needs. As major collective sources of information and images, the media perform many functions and server numerous personal needs. Media provide a link to the larger society. Mass media and society relation refers to the knowledge we all have from our own long experine4nces with media which enables us to understand what is going on, how a medium might fit into our daily lives, how its content is intended to be â€Å"study† genres and examples of contents and much more. Tim O’ Sulligvan, Brian Dutton and Philip Rayner write say’s â€Å"Media collectively act to provide their audience with windows on the world or with definitions of social reality†. Implicit in this kind of claim is the idea that the media act as a powerful agencies capable of shaping and directing public and private understandings of the world and awareness of its social, economics, moral, cultural, technological and political affairs. (1) Rational Nowadays Morning Shows are playing a vital role in the society, Theses shows are encouraging women to stick before TV sets ignoring the educative role. Morning Show are playing a prominent role in capitalizing and the ignorance of family values and genuine rights and responsibilities of people on individual and collective level as a family. Everywhere in these shows there are family politics, issues, and victimization stories, often daughter in law is targeted either positively or negatively. Youngsters see people in shows that are beautiful, fancy luxuries life style live in magnificent homes, wear best clothes and live every imaginable life styles in full autonomy and frequency without condemnation for any behaviors. They perceive them in different terms according to their mental level and derive different meanings from those shows. Rational for Selecting Housewife’s The researcher is targeting Lahore City Housewife’s because almost are educated, cohort and have greater viewer ship of Morning shows. On the other hand Husbands are supposed to watch TV at home on weekend or holidays in an irregular manner. Statement of the Problem This study is an attempt to find out the impact of Morning shows on Lahori housewife’s and the influence they are getting in their daily lives and mutual relationships. Research Objectives To find out the effect of Morning Shows on Lahori Housewife’s. To analyze the influence of Morning Show on the life style of Lahori Housewife’s. To investigate whether the Morning shows are affecting the relationships of Lahoris Housewife’s. To study that affect of religious practices shown in the Morning Shows over Islamic religious practices To find out whether the Morning Show are affecting or changing the lahories housewife’s cultural practices or not. Morning Shows are portraying useful message to housewife’s or not. Research Question Research question are considered very important in any scientific study, No research can be conducted unless the research question is chosen and accurately and clearly defined- it deserves some serious consideration. â€Å"A research question is a formally stated question intended to provide indication about something, and it is not limited to investigating relationship between variables.† (wimmer, 1994). This research has been conducted under the light of theses research questions: Are Housewife’s following the same fashion such a makeup and jewelry shows in Morning shows? Is Morning shows affecting the language of Housewife’s? Is it justified to have extra-marital relationship in an unhappy married life? Are family affairs in Morning shows affecting the relationship between family members? Are religious practices shown in their Morning shows our religious practices? Significance The significance of selecting this topic is that females have to play a role of a mother and houses wife. They watch these shows and perceiving them according to their mental levels and then also derive different meanings from those shows. Morning shows are densely watched and the reason of studying this topic is that it has a heave viewership as compared with other shows. Females of Lahore stand at the age of having idealistic thinking or fantasy about the futures. Our family setup is completely different from those shows in the Morning shows. Female watched these Morning shows regularly. They have unconsciously started applying those roles in their homes. Females of Lahore by these show and expect that they will also spend that kind of lifestyle. History of Morning shows Breakfast television (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and United Kingdom) or morning show (Canada, Indonesia and United States), is a type of infotainment television program, broadcast live in the morning (typically scheduled between 6:00 and 10:00 a.m.). Often hosted by a small team of hosts, morning shows typically target the combined demographic of people getting ready for work and school, and stay-at-home adults and parents. The worlds first breakfast / morning show on national television is Today, which set the tone for the television genre and began broadcasting on January 14, 1952, on the U.S. television network NBC. For the next 60 years, the Today show was number one in the morning ratings for the vast majority of its run and since its start many other stations around the world followed NBCs lead and copied their successful format. Moring Shows History in Pakistan Golden times were those when we have only one channel PTV. People waited desperately for their favorite shows that were broadcasted once in a week. At that time one thing that we had was Standard. Standard content was displayed on TV and yes you can enjoy it with your family, with the course of time PTV introduced its morning transmission that was Pakistan’s first morning show. So, today we will discuss the Morning Shows in Pakistan. Morning shows in Pakistan are aggravating their standards day by day. The basic purpose of this show was information with entertainment and grooming of both kids and their mothers. These shows were intellectual ones and hosted by Mentally Groomed anchors those people knew the ethics and etiquette. Most crucial thing is that they knew that they are broadcasting their selves on a national television. Literature Review Literature Review is considered as one of the most important step in any research process as it helps to extract the main points, issues, findings and research methods of previous studies. Literature review serves as a springboard for any research. It is a systematic research and analysis of published information that accredited scholars and research have written on a topic. It is organized according to the research objective, thesis or the problem/issue that a researcher wishes to address. The purposed of literature review is to know what type of research has been done in the area and what has been found in previous studies. According to Wimmer and Dominick (1994), it not only allows to learn from (and eventually add to) pervious research but also saves time, effort and money. The review of relevant literature in a study accomplishes several purposes: It helps the researchers to have a better understanding of his/her own study by identifying what knowledge and ideas have been established on the topic. It grants you the knowledge in your area of focus and reduces the chances of the duplication of ideas. It helps to indicate the direction of your research scope to maximize the reward of your research efforts. It helps to indicate the direction of your research scope to maximize the reward of your research efforts. It shares with the readers, the result of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported and provides a framework for comparing the results of a study with other findings. It also provides an opportunity to the researcher to rephrase the problem into analytical and operational term clearly, sharply and free from ambiguities. The researcher has reviewed the studies related to Television for this chapter. In order to capture the audience our morning shows have evolved into something more like a drama or a game show. Popular TV drama actress come, are hosting a morning show! The hosts are jumping around and the stage is full of celebrities and at times we do not hear what any of them is saying except that Research have found someone sitting and talking. One show had a girl in a box with lots of snakes being injected in the box and the girl dared to sing and she kept of singing not my idea of a good morning! Researcher read article online Mustansar Hussain Tarar and Qurat ul ain Haider days on PTV when words had meanings and wisdom, when conversation used to take place between people with etiquettes, when we used to learn from the anchors and when morning show reflected our culture and values and we used to respect them! The morning shows era which followed the PTV days with Marina Khan, Nadia Khan and Farah Hussain was still better. They talked about health, children issues, mental health, cooking, exercise and a lot more but still informative. Now it seems like these shows are from some other country, hosts ( girls) do not wear dopattas (they NEVER do) and men look like they also come out of a beauty parlour. Even when they are talking about various social issues we do not seem to relate with them. Researcher does not mean to say that we should have stayed in 80†²s and 90†²s but we could have matured and nourished our morning show into something more engaging without making it so commercial like a fake product with hosts wrapped in expensive clothes, loaded with makeup in this heat, wedding parties and mango parties when a middle class family cannot afford any of the above. Watching morning shows for a week was a disappointment. Saleem, Noshina in 1994 conducted a research on â€Å"cultural Imperialism. A case study of the impact of Dish Antennas on Pakistani society† used survey method concluded that majority watch Dish antenna viewers, because of cultural and linguistic harmony with Indian. Almost all the respondents are of the view that Hindi and English words have started penetrating in their spoken languages. Majority of the women are of the opinion that the dresses, hairstyles, jewelry and the styles of Indian and western models and actresses are attracting their attention. Therefore, new trends and fashion are making way in our society. Butt, Naveeda in 19997 conduct a study on the â€Å"Impact of PTV pop music programs and drams on the student of Punjab University† applied survey method and shows that Pop Music in popular among student of Punjab University due to fashion, dances, songs and pop singers. Male and female are influenced from romantic seenes which are being shown. Yousaf, Ayesha in 1998 carried out a research on â€Å"A Comparative Study of the difference between reading and T.V viewing of Punjab University Students†. She used questionnaire in her research and found that consciously or unconsciously people do absurd language from both type of media. T.V does involve a person’s own choice to a large degree and they read books of their own choice. As far as in depth analysis is concerned, results show that both media can prove to be useful depending upon the viewer and nature of issue. As far as the criticism that books hinder a person’s socializing ability is concerned, results do not support it. It cannot be categorically said that books always make a person reserved. Other factors also need to be considered. The use of this medium is not the one and the only factor involved. Lala Rukh, Nas in 1999 carried out a research on â€Å"Analytical study of PTV drama serial carrying social issue (1995-1998)†. She used content analysis in her research and found that this is not the contribution of PTV but drama writers have played an important role to reflect the social issues of Pakistani society through their creation drama script. Aftab Butt, Saher in 2000 conducted a research on â€Å"An analytical study of the role of PTV dramas in educating the masses about women problems (July 2001-June 2002). She did qualitative analysis of dramas of Pakistan Television, in which she has critically analyzed dramas of Khawateen Time and Prime Time from July 2001 to June 2002 and shows that TV dramas are highlighting the women problems but they are not educating the people nor creating awareness among them the way a drama should do. Viewers more readily see Prime Time transmission of PTV as the time is suitable to all the people. However, it has been observed by the researcher that the topics of PTV dramas lacks diversity and the same subjects appear in every drama. The cable network channels have also diverted the people’s attention away from Pakistan Television PTV. Viewer’s habits and perceptions have changed over the period of time due to their exposure to other channels. Arif, Muhammad 2002 carried out a research on â€Å"Analysis of behavior of college students towards Mass Media† used a survey method and indicator that the students like to watch TV drams, movies and comedy programs. They also like to watch Indian programs as well as Pakistani programs. Shahid, Muhammad, in 2001 conducted a research on â€Å"The role of private productions in changing the contents of T.V dramas† concluded that the role of private productions in drams has played positive and negative aspects and changes. As far as positive role is concerned it is less. There is no doubt that private productions have played a vital role but only those people are successful who has money. It is not compulsory that people who have talent and positive thinking are successful. Private productions have less positive role than negative role. Bukari, Bushra in 2002 conducted a research on â€Å"The Effect of Television programs on youth† shows that youth of the Punjab University has modern views about different issues such as co-education, women liberation and parental authority etc. It is difficult to say whether these modern views are due to television programs or due to some other factor. Tamkeen, Zahra in 2004 conducted a research on â€Å"Nuclearization of family system and role of TV dramas used survey method and concluded that a majority of the people watch television on daily bases in their leisure time. They have an extent to the exposure of Television. The results conclude that majority of the audience watch PTV, Geo and Star plus as their favorite channels and people are more interested watching television drama on these channels. Dramas have greater exposure in this society and majority of the viewers have large media habits of exploring television dramas. N. Ahmed Kiran and T. Haroon Uzma wrote an article on â€Å"Proliferation of TV channels in Pakistan† concluded that the proliferation of private television channels has had a positive impact in three important dimensions. It has led to the creation of a niche for alternative dramas and has broken the rigidity of religious shows; it has played a major role in opening up of the political debate in Pakistan’s electronic media; and it has benefited both the electronic media and advertising industry through revenue generation. There are disparate views on the future impact of television proliferation in the country. At the moment, PTV authorities are not too concerned about competition from the cable television. This optimism is not misplaced. While cable is available in limited regions, PTV is terrestrial with its own transmitters covering a wide area. PTV still has its stronghold and covers a wide-ranging area. For instant, PTV-1, which is also claimed to be the family ch annel, covers 38% of the area catering to 86% of the population. PTV world, that transmits news and current affairs programs, cover 29% of the areas and catering to 75% of the population. Its news channel service covers some 8% of the areas with 40% of the population. From June 2003, PTV has introduced another channel, PTV National that transmits regional programs. Prime TV telecasts PTV drams and documentaries for the peoples, especially Pakistanis living in Europe. Channel-3 aims to provide ‘homely atmosphere to all family viewers’. PTV World beams its programs to viewers in South Asia and the Middle East. Theoretical Framework It is crucial for every social research to be supported by some theory. Theoretical framework can be roughly defined as a select setup within which any research operates. A primary aim of science is to discover explanations for observed phenomena. To explain communication, the researcher must move from description to a theoretical analysis, seeking to develop theories that offer satisfactory answers to the question why?† Thus, a research’s aim in the discovery phase is to generate theoretical explanations for observed patterns of human communication (Smit 1998). The research will relate the Use and Gratification, Cultivation Theory and Self Perception Theory with her study. Research Methodology Population Sample and Sampling Techniques Research Design Survey Method Research Instrument Closed-Ended Question Pre-Testing Data Collection Quantification of data Data Preparations Data Processing Delimitations References: Tim O’ Sulligvan, Brian Dutton and Philip Rayner: : Study the Media, London, Amold. 1998, p.19 Roger D. Wimmer, Josheph, R. Dominick (1994) – Mass Media Research: An Introduction (4th Ed) Belmont, California: Wordsworth. www.pemara.gov.pk/ (citied 27th March 2014) www.desironak.com (citied at